If there is one thing that we all find universally appealing, I’d bet it’s firing up the grill. It could be the food, friends, aromas, or company, but we all love it. But there is something you should know about some of your grilled favorites. All that barbecuing could be simmering up chemicals that may increase your cancer risk. This information, according to the American Institute for Cancer Research, says that many of these chemicals may be linked to breast, stomach, prostate, and colon cancer.
But Dana-Farber Cancer Institute nutritionist Stephanie Vangsness says that doesn’t mean you have to give up all of your grilled favorites like burgers, steaks, and ribs just to lower your cancer risk. “It’s really about being careful and making wise choices.”
There are two cancer risk factors that you must keep in mind. The first is that the high heat of grilling reacts with proteins in red meat, poultry, and fish to create HCAs (heterocyclic amines). Studies have linked these chemicals to causing cancer.
The other form of cancer-causing agent, called PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), are found in the smoke. These chemicals form when juices from the meat and fat drip on to your cooking heat source. As the smoke rises, it sticks to the surface of the meat causing not only a beautifully grilled crust but also a volatile chemical cocktail.
Now that we’ve scared you about the next local BBQ, what can you do to lower your cancer risk? Here are our best tips to help make sure your grilling is safe and to help you reduce your cancer risk.
When choosing items for your next shindig, choose lean cuts of meat instead of high-fat varieties, such as ribs and sausage. When prep time rolls around, be sure that you remove the skin and trim all excess fat.
Marinades are a great way to spice up your meal, and when used correctly, can actually reduce your cancer risk factors. Remember that when using marinades, thinner is better. Thicker marinades have a tendency to char, increasing exposure to carcinogenic compounds.
When choosing your marinades, look for ones that contain lemon and/or vinegar. These items actually create a protective barrier around the meat. This barrier can help prevent harmful HCAs from forming.
According to a study in Food and Chemical Toxicology, if you partially cook meat and fish in a microwave for 60 to 90 seconds on high before grilling and discard juices you can cut the HCA production by 95%. This limits the time they need to cook and reduces the risk of smoke flare-ups.
When grilling burgers, flip them often; at least once every minute. This prevents the meat from getting too hot and activating the production of harmful HCAs.
Place food at least six inches away from the heat source. Also try and limit your grill temperature to 325 degrees. At this temperature, HCAs start to form, and your cancer risk begins to skyrocket.
When grilling, try to create a barrier to prevent juices from spilling on your heat source and producing harmful smoke. Some of the best options are lining the grill with aluminum foil that has holes poked in it or cooking on cedar planks.
Choosing lean meats will create less dripping fat and less smoke. Be sure to trim excess fat, and remove all skin from poultry.
You can also choose smaller cuts of meats and make kabobs. Because of their size, they take less time to cook and give the cancer causing HCAs less time to form
Above all, Vangsness says, “People need to put this into perspective. If you’re grilling and following the proper safety tips, the risk of getting cancer from grilling food is extremely low.” She also stresses that the best thing you can do to reduce your cancer risk is eat a well balanced diet, rich in fruits and vegetables that contain protective antioxidants. “Not having vegetables is probably the biggest risk factor,” says Vangsness. This should help put your mind at ease if you worry about your cancer risk when grilling, and hopefully, you can use the tips above to make your next cookout a healthy success
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Top news on the breast cancer risk assessment front. Word comes in from the Cooper Clinic in Phoenix, AZ about a new breast cancer risk assessment test that is capable of detecting atypia or abnormal cells in NAF (nipple aspirate fluid) much earlier and in a much less invasive way than other methods. The new HALO breast pap test promises to be a very valuable new tool in breast cancer risk assessment. This tool combined with a sensible breast cancer prevention diet could reach more women at high risk that can benefit from lifestyle changes.
Cooper Clinic, which is in its 38th year as a pioneer in preventive medicine, is now offering a revolutionary new test for breast cancer risk called HALO.
The screening is a non-invasive test that looks for abnormal cells in the breast ductal fluid of asymptomatic women. The HALO Breast Pap Test identifies women who are at high risk for developing breast cancer — and therefore can benefit from lifestyle changes, increased monitoring, or medical interventions. These steps are aimed at preventing the disease and helping to detect it at its earliest, most treatable stage. HALO is the latest breast health test offered at Cooper Clinic’s Craig Ranch location in McKinney, Texas.
“At Cooper Clinic, our approach to breast health is consistent with our overall philosophy of disease prevention, which is that it’s easier to maintain good health than to regain it once it’s lost,” said Cooper Clinic Founder and Chairman Dr. Kenneth Cooper, who started the movement for aerobic fitness. “This new test furthers our mission.”
HALO helps to solve a major dilemma in breast healthcare. Traditional methods for assessing breast cancer risk such as review of family history are not particularly effective. Eighty-nine percent of breast cancer patients do not have a family history of the disease. Moreover, of the nearly 180,000 women who will be diagnosed with breast cancer this year, 70 percent will have no identifiable risk factor other than age.
“We now have the knowledge and methods to prevent breast cancer and provide alternative breast cancer treatment in large numbers of cases,” said Gail Lebovic, M.D., director of Women’s Services at Cooper Clinic. “But first we need to identify patients who are at elevated risk and get them on an appropriate preventive track. HALO is making a real contribution in this regard.”
Dr. Lebovic, a nationally prominent oncoplastic breast surgeon, is responsible for bringing HALO to Cooper Clinic.
The HALO Breast Pap Test is a new method for collecting nipple aspirate fluid (NAF). NAF is secreted from the milk ducts where 95 percent of invasive breast cancers begin.
The presence of abnormal cells, or atypia, in NAF is proven to increase a woman’s chance of developing breast cancer by four- to five-fold.
Finding atypia years before it might become breast cancer enables a woman and her doctor to develop the appropriate “care path” for optimal management of her breast health. As an example of the value of NAF evaluation, a cancerous lump has typically been growing about eight years by the time it is seen on a mammogram.
NAF is collected by the HALO system using warmth, massage and suction, much like a breast pump. The process, which takes only five minutes, is inexpensive, noninvasive and easily accomplished in an annual check-up.
NAF testing is also useful for younger women. Mammography is often not as effective for premenopausal women under 40 or 50.
Prominent organizations such as National Cancer Institute and the American Cancer Society have recognized the use of atypia as a measure of breast cancer risk.
NAF evaluation is not a substitute for screening mammograms or cancer detection tools such as ultrasound or MRI. Regardless of their risk assessment status, women should also undergo routine breast exams and mammograms as recommended by their doctors.
HALO is made by NeoMatrix, an Irvine, Calif., company that develops innovative devices that allow women and their doctors to promote optimal breast health.
Cooper Clinic offers specialized breast health services at its McKinney, Texas location including screening, diagnostic and treatment services including digital mammography, MRI scanning, breast and pelvis ultrasound, DEXA bone density testing and minimally invasive biopsies, plus aesthetic and reconstructive surgery.
Founded by Kenneth H. Cooper, M.D., M.P.H. in 1970, Cooper Clinic is one of 10 health and wellness companies located at Cooper Aerobics Center in Dallas. Cooper Clinic is a worldwide leader in preventive medicine and comprehensive physical examinations. For nearly 40 years, its expert physicians and staff have helped more than 100,000 patients live healthier lives. For more information, visit www.cooper-clinic.com.
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Alternative breast cancer treatments are being utilized by millions of patients, either as their sole therapy, or as an adjunct to more traditional therapies. Many books have been written about alternative breast cancer treatments if you are in need of print information. Patients are seeking alternative cancer treatments at just about every stage of their disease, from initial diagnosis to late stage illness.
Even though research funding is now over 900 million dollars annually; during the last 30 years increases in the survivability can be measured in just a few percentage points. Traditional breast cancer treatments, though somewhat less toxic than in the past, can still be miserable ordeals. So what about alternative breast cancer treatments?
In our experience, the success of these treatments is sometimes overstated (by the alternative breast cancer treatment community), or understated (by the traditional breast cancer treatment community). One thing however, is clear; the most promising programs are integrating traditional and alternative breast cancer treatments. Practitioners trained and licensed in traditional medicine, but also possessing experience with alternative breast cancer treatments and non-traditional therapies are, in our opinion, making the greatest progress in the fight against breast cancer. The best of these practitioners design individualized programs for each patient.
There are a growing number of clinics in the Us and around the world that are having great success with alternative breast cancer treatments. Some of the most popular treatments include: homeopathy, Iscador (mistletoe), detox tea, breast cancer diet, Essiac, laetrile, 714X, progesterone creams, mushroom extracts, and more.
Essiac is an herbal concoction composed of Burdock, Indian Rhubarb, Sorrel, Slippery Elm and other ingredients. It was developed by a nurse in Canada, Rene Caisse (Essiac is Caisse spelled backward). Caisse gave the formula to a company in Canada who markets the product today. Indian Rhubarb contains benzaldehyde, one of the components of Amygdalin (Laetrile). Many alternative physicians use Essiac to help cleanse the blood, especially if a patient has been on chemotherapy or radiation.
Laetrile (i.e. amygdalin or Vitamin B17) therapy is another popular and well known alternative breast cancer treatment. It is very simple to use and is effective if used in high enough doses and if the product is of high quality and if it is combined with an effective breast cancer diet and key supplements (in other words, you need to do your homework to maximize its benefits). Laetrile works by killing cancer cells and building the immune system to fend off future outbreaks of cancer. It uses two different methods for killing cancer cells. It involves a strict diet (as do all cancer treatments) and several supplements.
According to many new studies, calcium D-glucurate has also been shown to reduce tumor formation by 50-70% and the levels of serum estradiol were decreased by 23%. It may be worthwhile to add this to one’s program.
The tropical periwinkle has also been used as an alternative breast cancer treatment, and for other malignancies as well. This periwinkle alkaloid is used in the making of vincristine, which is a very powerful chemotherapy agent. However, this alternative breast cancer treatment should be conducted carefully. Herbal periwinkle extracts are highly toxic in nature. Hence, this drug form should be given under medical supervision only.
Many women have also found success with the meditation and self hypnosis method. Women with advanced breast cancer stage, can participate in group support sessions that conduct meditation and self hypnosis methods. By doing so, they will increase their survival chances. The above mentioned alternate breast cancer treatment methods, mobilize the immune system to fight the further spread of cancer. Relaxation techniques help in removing stress and anxiety caused by cancer patient. This can help boost the immune system of the body leaving it strong to fight off the side effects of your treatment.
There are also several good books on alternative breast cancer treatments if you would like further reading on this subject.
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Thanks to new breakthrough food studies, scientists have determined that jams and jellies can be one of the most important parts of a cancer prevention diet. Both popular foods contain a modified form of pectin, a natural fiber found in fruits and vegetables that is widely used in food processing.
A laboratory study by the Institute of Food Research found modified pectin releases a molecular fragment that curbs all stages of cancer progression. This will be key information for people seeking cancer diets.
Professor Vic Morris, who led the cancer prevention diet research, said: “The treatments used by the food industry to modify pectin would emphasize the release of the fragment we’ve identified.” This fragment is what provides the cancer fighting compound in this new cancer diet.
However, he added: “I expect you would get some protection from jam, but it’s packed full of sugar. It might be better to get the same cancer protection from fruits and vegetables which would give you other anti-cancer magic bullets as well and should be part of every cancer prevention diet.”
Pectin supplements that claim to detoxify the body and protect against cancer are already sold on the internet, and a laboratory study published in the journal Glycobiology last year showed pectin can slow the growth of prostate cancer. This is huge news in cancer diets.
Cancer research scientists at the University of Georgia in the US found when prostate cancer cells were exposed to pectin powder or heat-treated citrus pectin, up to 40 per cent died.
The cells were made to “commit suicide” through a natural process called apoptosis that halts the creation of tumors. For anyone seeking a cancer prevention diet, this tidbit of information could be the silver bullet you seek to lower your cancer risk.
Other studies on rats and cell cultures suggest pectin also fights lung and colon cancers.
An estimated 35,000 tons of pectin is produced worldwide each year. Besides being found in jam and jelly, it is a processing ingredient in confectionery, bakery fillings, yogurts and milk drinks.
Most pectin comes from the peel of citrus fruits and apple pulp.
The research by Prof Morris is published in the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) Journal.
Jam is already hailed by nutritionists as an ideal snack to replace lost energy after a work-out. The fast-releasing sugars help to get glycogen back into muscles quickly and efficiently.
The British Nutrition Foundation says two level teaspoons (15g) of jam on a slice of bread provides less than 10 per cent of an adult’s Guideline Daily Amount (GDA) of sugar and fewer than 40 calories, but should be eaten in moderation even as part of a cancer prevention diet.
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Breast Cancer Awareness Month (also referred to as National Breast Cancer Awareness Month) is an annual international health campaign organized by major breast cancer charities every October to increase awareness about breast cancer and to raise funds for research into its causes, prevention and ultimately, a cure. The breast cancer awareness campaign also offers information and support to those affected by breast cancer.
October is designated as Breast Cancer Awareness Month, and the first national breast cancer awareness month program took place in October 1985 as a week-long event to fill the information void in public communication about breast cancer. The founding members of the Board of Sponsors, the American Academy of Family Physicians, AstraZeneca Healthcare Foundation and CancerCare, Inc., distributed brochures, spoke to news reporters, and testified before a U.S. Congressional committee about the crucial need for widespread access to mammography.
Today the National Breast Cancer Awareness Month (NBCAM) organization is comprised of several national public service organizations, professional medical associations, and government agencies working in partnership to build breast cancer awareness, share information, help with breast cancer treatment and prevention (via a good breast cancer diet) and provide access to screening services.
As well as providing a platform for breast cancer charities to raise awareness of their work and of the disease, breast cancer awareness month is also a prime opportunity to remind women to be breast cancer aware for earlier detection.
Breast cancer can be attributed to many factors, including age, genetics, obesity, and family history. Women who exercise regularly, maintain healthy diets, and have yearly visits with their doctors are less likely to get breast cancer. Various screening measures such as mammograms, regular breast self-exams, and clinical breast exams can help detect cancer before it has a chance to spread. Early detection allows for early intervention, helps make breast cancer treatment more effective, and gives hope to patients and saves lives.
According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in women in the United States and results in the deaths of more than 40,000 women each year.
Breast cancer is the second most common form of cancer death in white, black, Asian, and American Indian women and the leading cause of cancer death among Hispanic women, according to research. It is for this reason, that October has been named breast cancer awareness month; we should all help spread the word.
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About Leukemia
Leukemia is a type of cancer. Cancer is a group of many related diseases. All cancers begin in cells, which make up blood and other tissues. Normally, cells grow and divide to form new cells as the body needs them. When cells grow old, they die, and new cells take their place.
Sometimes this orderly process goes wrong. New cells form when the body does not need them, and old cells do not die when they should. Leukemia is cancer that begins in blood cells.
Leukemia is cancer of the blood and the blood-forming bone marrow, characterized by an uncontrolled growth of bone marrow stem cells. There are four major types of leukemia: acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Myelogenous and lymphocytic refer to the type of cell affected.
Acute leukemia progresses much more quickly than the chronic disease. In acute leukemia, genetic mutations in the blood-forming cells result in an excess of immature, useless blood cells in the bone marrow and blood, essentially crowding out the production of healthy marrow cells. As a result, the marrow cannot produce enough red blood cells, many types of white blood cells and blood-clotting platelets, leaving individuals anemic and susceptible to infection and bleeding. In chronic leukemia, greater numbers of more mature, working cells are made.
ALL and AML are marked by the accumulation of immature, non-infection-fighting white blood cells called blasts, which fail to function as normal blood cells. CLL is characterized by an overproduction of a type of mature white blood cell called a B lymphocyte.
CML (and some cases of ALL) is caused by a genetic anomaly in the blood-forming cells known as a translocation, in which part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. In this case, a section of chromosome 9 tears away and connects onto a section of chromosome 22, resulting in the fusion of two normally separate genes, BCR and ABL. The new BCR-ABL gene produces an abnormal enzyme that results in the uncontrolled growth of white blood cells – and cancer.
Leukemia Statistics
Survival of patients with leukemia has improved dramatically over the years. From 1960 to 1963, an individual with leukemia, when compared to a healthy person, had a 14 percent chance of living five years. By 1995 to 2000, the number had jumped to 46 percent.
While the incidence of leukemia has decreased overall by 1.1 percent per year since 1995, an estimated 34,810 new cases of leukemia are expected in 2005. Of these, acute cases (15,930) will slightly outnumber chronic (14,330).
Leukemia in general is 10 times more common in adults than in children, with the notable exception of ALL, which accounts for approximately 78 percent of expected leukemia cases among children. AML and CLL are the most common adult leukemias (approximately 10,980 and approximately 8,900 expected cases, respectively, in 2005). The incidence of AML, CLL and CML increases dramatically after age 40, and is highest in those 60 years of age and older.
Approximately 22,570 individuals are expected to die of leukemia in 2005, a drop of about 0.5 percent per year since 1991.
The statistics regarding how long individuals live with leukemia vary according to the type of disease. Only about 20 percent of those with AML, for example, live for five years. Yet some 73 percent of individuals who have CLL live that long. The survival numbers have risen dramatically for those with ALL in the past several decades, largely due to advances in therapies for children. In the 1970s, the five-year relative survival rate was 38 percent. By the late 1990s, it had reached 65 percent. In children with ALL, the survival rate in that period went from 53 percent to 85 percent.
- Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of leukemia in young children. This disease also affects adults, especially those age 65 and older. Standard treatments involve chemotherapy and radiation. The survival rates vary by age: 85% in children and 50% in adults.
- Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) most often affects adults over the age of 55. It sometimes occurs in younger adults, but it almost never affects children. Two-thirds of affected people are men. The five-year survival rate is 75%. It is incurable, but there are many effective treatments.
- Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) occurs more commonly in adults than in children, and more commonly in men than women. AML is treated with chemotherapy. The five-year survival rate is 40%.
- Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) occurs mainly in adults. A very small number of children also develop this disease. Treatment is with imatinib (Gleevec) or other drugs. The five-year survival rate is 90%.
- Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is sometimes considered a subset of CLL, but does not fit neatly into this pattern. About 80% of affected people are adult men. There are no reported cases in young children. HCL is incurable, but easily treatable. Survival is 96% to 100% at ten years.
Leukemia Diagnosis
Leukemia in general can be difficult to detect early, since many associated symptoms are non-specific and could be from other conditions such as the flu. Abnormal red blood cell and white blood cell counts frequently trigger a search for the cause, often leading to a definitive examination in which a piece of bone marrow is removed and examined under a microscope for signs of cancer. Further tests might look for damage to the chromosomes.
Once leukemia is diagnosed, tests are done to determine if the cancer has spread beyond the blood and bone marrow.
The exams and tests may include the following:
- Physical exam—The doctor checks for swelling of the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver.
- Blood tests—The lab checks the level of blood cells. Leukemia causes a very high level of white blood cells. It also causes low levels of platelets and hemoglobin, which is found inside red blood cells. The lab also may check the blood for signs that leukemia has affected the liver and kidneys.
- Biopsy—The doctor removes some bone marrow from the hipbone or another large bone. A pathologist examines the sample under a microscope. The removal of tissue to look for cancer cells is called a biopsy. A biopsy is the only sure way to know whether leukemia cells are in the bone marrow.
There are two ways the doctor can obtain bone marrow. Some patients will have both procedures:
- Bone marrow aspiration: The doctor uses a needle to remove samples of bone marrow.
- Bone marrow biopsy: The doctor uses a very thick needle to remove a small piece of bone and bone marrow.
Local anesthesia helps to make the patient more comfortable.
- Cytogenetics—The lab looks at the chromosomes of cells from samples of peripheral blood, bone marrow, or lymph nodes.
- Spinal tap—The doctor removes some of the cerebrospinal fluid (the fluid that fills the spaces in and around the brain and spinal cord). The doctor uses a long, thin needle to remove fluid from the spinal column. The procedure takes about 30 minutes and is performed with local anesthesia. The patient must lie flat for several hours afterward to keep from getting a headache. The lab checks the fluid for leukemia cells or other signs of problems.
- Chest x-ray—The x-ray can reveal signs of disease in the chest.
Leukemia Prevention
The causes for the majority of cases of leukemia are not known. There are no known ways to prevent leukemia and there are few known risk factors for developing the disease. Exposure to industrial chemicals such as benzene, pesticides and solvents may increase an individual’s risk of developing leukemia. Some genetic disorders such as Down syndrome increase the risk of leukemia. Certain chemotherapy drugs may be connected with the development of leukemia years later.
Scientists continue to study potential lifestyle and environmental influences in the development of leukemia.
Leukemia Research
Doctors all over the country are conducting many types of clinical trials. These are research studies in which people take part voluntarily. Studies include new methods of treatment and supportive care for patients with leukemia. Research already has led to advances, and researchers continue to search for more effective approaches.
Patients who join these studies have the first chance to benefit from treatments that have shown promise in earlier research. They also make an important contribution to medical science by helping doctors learn more about the disease. Although clinical trials may pose some risks, researchers take very careful steps to protect their patients.
Researchers are testing new biological therapies and new anticancer drugs, doses, and treatment schedules. They also are working with various drugs and with combinations of drugs, biological therapy, radiation therapy, and stem cell transplantation.
One of the most promising areas of research centers on the development of new agents that target particular proteins. As researchers continue to better understand the molecular events leading to leukemia, they will be able to design more specific drugs to halt the disease’s progression. Approximately 30 percent of AML patients, for example, have mutations in a protein called FLT3, which causes the cancer to grow more aggressively and become unresponsive to treatment. Drugs that block FLT3 mutations currently are in development. FLT3 inhibitors are now being tested in clinical trials in combination with traditional chemotherapy drugs.
Another type of drug called a farnesyl transferase inhibitor is in clinical testing. It blocks an enzyme that is potentially important to the development of some types of leukemia. Previously untreated older patients with AML have responded well to the drug to date.
Immune-based therapy has also shown some promise. Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody that binds to certain CLL B cells, is under evaluation alone and in combination with chemotherapy. Preliminary results suggest that rituximab given in combination with the chemotherapy drug Fludarabine leads to a high rate of remission. There currently (August 2005) are studies underway to evaluate the effectiveness of combination chemotherapy using Fludarabine.
The most striking example of a targeted therapy’s effectiveness in treating cancer is the use of Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec®) for patients with CML. Imatinib binds to the ABL protein and blocks the activity of the BCR-ABL enzyme. Patients who have received the drug, especially early in the course of the disease, have shown a high rate of positive response, with nearly every one experiencing a return to normal blood counts. Only time will tell what the long-term survival results will be.
Treatments for Leukemia
Many people with leukemia want to take an active part in making decisions about their medical care. They want to learn all they can about their disease and their treatment choices. However, the shock and stress after a diagnosis of cancer can make it hard to think of everything to ask the doctor. Often it helps to make a list of questions before an appointment. To help remember what the doctor says, patients may take notes or ask whether they may use a tape recorder. Some also want to have a family member or friend with them when they talk to the doctor—to take part in the discussion, to take notes, or just to listen.
Chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for the majority of the leukemias, with the exception of CML. Chemotherapy for acute leukemias is commonly given in two or three phases. The first phase entails the administration of drugs to put the patient into a prolonged remission. This induction therapy typically achieves complete remission – meaning no evidence of the disease, and normal blood and marrow cells – in about 75 percent of younger adults and half of those older than 50. The disease nearly always returns, however, without further treatment with chemotherapy. Then a second chemotherapy regimen is given, with the goal of killing all of the remaining leukemia cells, which otherwise could begin to regrow and cause disease again. If this treatment fails to achieve or maintain remission, or if patients are at high risk for relapse, they may be given a hematopoietic stem cell transplant. This is a somewhat risky procedure in which the patient’s bone marrow – and leukemia, it is hoped – is destroyed, and the body’s blood-forming system is built again from scratch.
Other Leukemia Resources
National Cancer Institute
1-800-4-CANCER
www.cancer.gov
American Cancer Society
1-800-ACS-2345
www.cancer.org
The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society
800-955-4572
www.leukemia-lymphoma.org
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